# 02. Clock - Eight-Bit Computer

The clock is an essential part of any computer system. It enables each instruction to be executed in sequential order. However, the clock is an external part of the computer system. This is because a clock is basically a periodic pulse generated at fixed intervals. The rising or falling edge is used to trigger a new state or instruction of the computer. Thus, generating a clock signal requires analogue components and can't be done using an FPGA.

> ![A clock pulse](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1662465532957/R7nUtvVFI.png align="left")
> A clock pulse

However, there are certain functions Ben Eater incorporates into his clock modules. This is the option to choose between the astable clock pulse and manual clock pulse and the capability of the computer to halt itself. Obviously, an astable clock is important for the operation of the computer as discussed before. However, Ben Eater also discusses how having a manual clock pulse which you can click through can help with debugging the circuitry. On top of this, once the computer completes all the set of instructions, it must have the ability to prevent itself from executing further instructions.

For this, Ben Eater proposes a simple logic circuit. This circuit is able to handle all three of these functions. This circuit can be implemented on an FPGA. This module will need four inputs and will give out one output. The four inputs are the `apulse` or the *astable pulse*, the `mpulse` or the *manual pulse*, `select` or the *selection signal* and `hlt` or *halt signal*. The output is `clk` or the *clock pulse* that the computer can use.

> ![Clock module design](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1662465258332/Sm4xTGB0f.png align="left")
> Clock module design

This can be implemented quite easily with a single line.

```
module clock (apulse, select, mpulse, hlt, clk);

    input apulse, select, mpulse, hlt;
    output clk;

    assign clk = ((apulse && select) || (mpulse && ~select)) && ~hlt;

endmodule
```

In order to test this, the test bench would need to always send a clock signal to the `apulse` input. We will first set the `select` signal `low`. This selects the `astable` clock pulse as output. So sending a `high` signal through `mpulse` won't do anything. However, if we set the `halt` signal to `high`, no matter what we do to the other three inputs, the output clock will always output a `low` signal.

>  ![Output waveform of the testbench](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1662467335792/TI9D_qBxi.png align="left")
> Output waveform of the testbench

With this we have the clock logic implemented within the computer.


> ![Structure](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1662474814700/xr51aD4F9.png align="left")
> Structure of the computer

External Links:
- Base video: [Clock logic - 8-bit computer clock - part 4](https://youtu.be/SmQ5K7UQPMM)
- Github Repo: [Eight-Bit Computer using FPGA](https://github.com/asankaSovis/eight_bit_computer)